10/13/2020--Please pick one of the strategies for negotiating consensus listed by McIntyre and Le Van. Describe the strategy and then explain how you might use it in a debate or discussion with someone who has very different beliefs about a controversial issue.
Your Answer:
Elaborate on the value of opposing positions: One needs to decide if the issue is worth taking a stand over. If you are a big fan of John Wayne and one of your lifelong friends hates him with a passion, someone has to give ground. The Duke (Capt. Nathan Brittles) says "never apologize, mister, it's a sign of weakness." (She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, 1949) How anyone could not admire the legendary actor is just not negotiable. The best thing to do is forget the topic for a few years, after you have unfriended that person from your Facebook page, delete the post that upset the person, then, as Capt. Brittles said in the movie;
“Keep it up, and you’ll make a fine corporal, in three or four years."
10/12/2020--
Like Heinrichs, Crowley and Hawhee are disturbed by the contemporary tendency to see disagreement as somehow impolite or even undesirable. But why? In the space below, please explain their reasoning for this position. There is an inherent contradiction in the culture over agreement and opinion. On the one hand, the contradiction of "I disapprove of what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it," illustrates how firm one believes in the freedom of speech. But do they readily rise to the occasion to risk their life to defend it. The first is related to the culture and the dynamics of power within it. Those who hold power are part of the "might makes right" slogan, those who don't will capitulate and "live to fight another day." The second part, opinion, as pointed out in the text, is yet another so-called unique perspective that is actually a commonplace and stands a better chance to be converted. There is one troubling aspect to the commonplace, however, that coercion will ultimately bring about the change of that opinion. Externally, force is effective but not necessarily convincing. The one using it may be easily fooled by the subject into thinking the opinion has been changed, instead of suppressed, where live to fight another day is the strategy when faced with might makes right. The result is for those who will defend to the death to allow someone to speak their mind freely, when put to the test, they capitulate in the face of threat, terror and death. Reflect on the work your group did in the Analyzing Rhetorical Situations chart (Links to an external site.) .In about 200-400 words, answer the following questions: How did your contributions to the chart change after we Lecture 4 on Thursday? Did you have different, new, or more complex understandings of the elements of rhetorical situations (rhetor, audience, exigence, constraints, kairos)? (please explain) Did these more developed understandings influence how you saw the argument overall? If so, how? Which of the elements of rhetorical situations are still muddy to you? Why? (I will review these and offer further clarification on the muddiest points during Tuesday's class) 1.) The presumption initially was that action needed to be taken due to some urgent circumstance. There seems to be some question as to why the idea had to wait until an incident (flashpoint, crisis) creates the environment for the necessary change. Why didn't rhetor create the urgency in the first place instead of waiting for "the other shoe to drop?" 2.) The understanding remains the same, what changes is which is the primary motivating factor; the exigence, the rhetor, the timing? 3.) Negative. Further exploration of the website where the article was published indicated an agenda that may not reflect an unbiased position. 4.) It is unclear how the concept itself can be executed using the methods employed. The solution path may require an even more complex approach beyond the realm of persuasion. ****************************************************** The article doesn’t make an exclusive case as to exactly who the “savages” are. It infers someone of “North African origin vandalizing a car,” which could mean anything from a Libyan refugee to a whirling Dervish. The reasons for the action on the car are also not given. A simple case of road rage, retribution for yet another injustice? (James) The part about the “slave trading past” is also a little weak as the French were the first to outlaw the practice. Its on-again, off-again role in slave trading is well documented but it did take the lead with complete abolition well before the Civil War in America. The question is whether the content of the article is subject to a terministic screen or the content as reported by the authors, Norimitsu Onishi and Constant Meuheut, is subject to that screening. “Rendre quelqu'un sauvage, lui donner un aspect sauvage.” (James) Hello Dr. Detweiler. I agree that because of the recent ever-increasing threat from wildfires, in lives, property and health, it is paramount make an all out effort to mitigate the danger. Two years ago the entire community of Paradise, California burned to the ground blamed on utility companies. When it appeared the West might escape a repeat, a massive lighning storm set the entire northern part of the state on fire, it's still burningand the smike plume extended at one time all the way to the Mississippi River. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/texas-police-group-puts-up-billboard-warning-enter-at-your-own-risk-saying-austin-defunded-police/ar-BB18Urfr?ocid=msedgntp Known for his skill around the house, Bob Vila has become an household name. He has hints and tips for just about every aspect of simple chores that make life easier. However, he may have missed his potty training skills when it comes to his instructions on, "Plunging a (Stopped Up) Toilet:" *********************************************************** 1.) Our team was assigned the task of writing instructions for "folding a fitted sheet." Initially, I wrote out a series of steps that obviously weren't meant for the layman in the crowd or the newbie in the hotel laundry room. That set of instructions was edited by the staff into simpler, if not more readable, at least more negotiable terms. The result was far from achieving the goal of not just properly folding the fitted sheet, but relating the instructions in the process. There was a breakdown of communication somewhere between the issuance of the instructions and the process itself. Some tasks are mechanical, others are intuitive, some others require not just basic instructions but repetitive exercise in order to reach the desired goal. The gap between what's written and what's performed is the lesson learned here about instructions. No matter how many times the instructions are edited, that gap may not be closed. 2.) Already, through simple classroom analysis and demonstrations, it is becoming apparent that what might appear correct in the eye of the designer, the end product might be totally misinterpreted by the viewer. Signs around the campus indicated where hastily designed items fell far short of their intended purpose; due to simple oversights in lettering, location and other variables . Again, the notion of the communication gap surfaces, possibly because there may not have been enough input before the sign or instructions were developed. Just putting up a sign and expecting everyone to go along with it denies the intended audience the opportunity to closely examine its compliance. The classroom experience has already changed the way signs are interpreted. 3.) The memo was a rather unique experience as it involved introducing a person to an audience, not just reminding the housekeepers to turn out the lights when they finish cleaning the room. Certainly, the lights will be discovered when someone checks into the room a week later, but what is said in an introduction of a person will be in the minds of the audience long after the lights are out. Known for his skill around the house, Bob Vila has become an household name. He has hints and tips for just about every aspect of simple chores that make life easier. However, he may have missed his potty training skills when it comes to his instructions on, "Plunging a (Stopped Up) Toilet:" In the first sentence, when it becomes apparent the "clog" won't go down, many times the flap will remain open in the tank causing water to enter the bowl whether the handle is engaged or not. Do not, repeat, do not wait ten minutes for anything. Immediately and if possible, shut off the water to the tank from the valve down below. If that valve doesn't shut off, and there are times when it is frozen due to not being used, shutting off the water to the entire property might be the only solution to keep the overflowing tank from soaking the kitchen down below. There is never a guarantee of what Bob calls a "successful plunge" One last tip, do not search Google on your phone for Bob Vila's instructions on how to clear a toilet, by then the kitchen and the living room will be flooded. What's wrong with Bob's instructions? Just about everything. He fails to mention the next step if all of the above doesn't work. Cited, https://www.bobvila.com/articles/how-to-use-a-plunger/ ******************************************* UNR001/000 Fall 2020 MEMO Date: 24 September 2020To: English 407B.1001 From: James L’Angelle Subj: Using Facebook Ads to Promote a Blog Post Social media has become the premier platform for promotion, whether it be brand awareness, marketing a product, or getting a candidate elected to office. The myriad of websites where promotion is possible will confound the layperson as well as the various rules of engagement. For writers wishing to attract an audience, at least one method has proven tried and true, that being the Facebook ad network for blog posting. The process is twofold. Part one involves creating the post to be promoted; part two, boosting that post on Facebook. For purposes here, the site used for the post is Google’s blogspot, as it is convenient and straightforward. For the sake of brevity, creation of that blog and a blog post is assumed. What’s necessary is having a similar Facebook page, preferably with the same name as the Google blog. Part two requires linking the blog post to the Facebook page and promoting that post with what’s known as a “Boost Post.” Thus far, it seems like a “no-brainer” but there are hidden technicalities and that’s where a formal proposal is necessary to avoid the minefield and make the rules of engagement work in favor of the author-blogger-advertiser. This technical document will ultimately reveal the hidden aspects of using the Facebook advertising platform. Far from being a simple process of “copy and paste,” Facebook has been forced into a strict code of compliance for not just its corporation, but also for the advertiser. These rules form the basis of eligibility for the advertiser to promote in the category of what’s known as “credit, employment, housing, or social issues, elections or politics,” or the Special Ad Category. Because of this unique section in the ad venue, a detailed proposal in the process of promoting an ad on the Facebook platform is in order. Following any other procedure could result in the ad being rejected by the review team from the outset; in the longer term, the account itself could be suspended for violation of the terms of service. In addition, other components of the Facebook advertising process, the administrative such as account creation and payment settings will be examined, as well as a review of the campaign manager page. All of these components, and others, form the gestalt of the process of driving visitors to the blog page to read the post, which is the ultimate objective. ********************************************* I.) "Winston Churchill went around looking for 'finest hours.' The point to observe is that Churchill found them - the crisis situations - and spoke in response to them" The statement above is from Lloyd Bitzer's seminal work, The Rhetorical Situation. Clearly, Richard Vatz, in The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation, dissociated from this rather striking observation which, according to Bitzer, was made by Clement Attlee. The exigence was Nazi Germany, and Churchill didn't invent it. Vatz would argue that Churchill found these exigences and became the rhetor who turned them into "finest hours" in order to go to war against the Axis powers; "If one accepts Bitzer's position that 'the presence of rhetorical discourse obviously indicates the presenceof a rhetorical situation," then we ascribe little responsibility to the rhetor with respect to what he has chosen to give salience." Vatz introduces the term "salience" into the dialogue and the role of the rhetor as the primary motivator. Surely, had it been Neville Chamberlain as the rhetor, then the outcome of the war at its inception might have taken another direction entirely. Salient, or salience, is defined as "moving by leaps or springs," "jetting upward," and "standing out conspicuously." From these rather idiomatic and innocuous descriptions of the words, Vatz has laid groundwork for his reversal of order in Bitzerian theory. But it does not take away from Prime Minister Churchill's recognition of the obvious exigence as the framework for his call to arms. II.) COVID-19 was a wolf in sheep's clothing from the outset. The federal government was caught completely off guard by the insidious nature of the virus, dissociating and deflecting the exigence with rhetoric that had no bearing on the nature of the wolf at all. It was obvious by the overnight shortages of vital consumer goods, the immediate depletion of the much-hyped "strategic national stockpile" and the Monday quarterbacking with hastily arranged press briefings, and statistics that fell far short of the mark from the outset. When the rhetorical team of the vice-presidential task force finally assumed the role of rhetor, some shape of things to come actually materialized with social distancing, shelter-in-place and protective mask mandates brought into a clearer focus of the exigence. Initially, it was Bitzer, it became Vatz. Cited,Bitzer, Lloyd F. “The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy & Rhetoric, vol. 1, no. 1, 1968, pp. 1–14. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40236733. Accessed 15 Sept. 2020.Vatz, Richard E., The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation, https://www.joycerain.com/uploads/2/3/2/0/23207256/vatz_the_myth_of_the_rhetorical_situation.pdfFinest Hour, https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-hour.htmlSalient, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salient ******************************************** Fact What happens or what happened? What are the facts of the subject? What happened on the night of July 6, 1973? Definition How should we name or classify the subject? Were the defendant=s actions illegal? Was the defendant legally sane during the shooting? Cause/Effect What caused the subject? Or, what consequences may result from it? What motivated the defendant to commit the crime? What happened to the plaintiff as a result of the crime? Value How good or bad is the subject? Is it right or wrong? How serious was the defendant=s offense? How bad were his or her actions? Policy What action should be taken concerning the subject? Should the defendant be convicted or found not guilty? What sentence should the defendant receive? https://journals-sagepub-com.unr.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1177/0741088388005004002 https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=poroi file:///C:/Users/recon/Downloads/Stasis%20Theory.pdf STASIS OUTLINE: Soldiers are "Losers" & "Suckers" Recently, The Atlantic magazine published an article stating that the president had made derogatory remarks about US armed forces personnel, allegedly calling them "losers" and "suckers." The article used what is known as "anonymous sources" and the author, Jeff Goldberg, came under strong criticism, accused of fabricating the allegation. (1) The president, along with a number of officials who accompanied him on the trip mentioned in the article, denied the allegations. Using stasis, the exigence can be analyzed from a rhetorical standpoint. Dr. Grant-Davie classifies stasis theory into five categories; fact, definition, cause/effect, value and policy. Application of the segregated units is useful to examine a current exigence. (2) Fact: Soldiers are "losers" and "suckers" Definition: Classified as an ethical, subjective opinion. Cause/effect: Recent reports in the media of high government officials' private statements. Value: Is the topic credible, does it have a moral justification for discussion? Policy: Condemnation, retribution, admonishment, reprimand. It's an historical fact that soldiers have been called "losers" and "suckers" by various public officials. The issue was brought into the forefront during the Vietnam War era, and the association made more than once. In 1971, Tom Tiede had this to say, published under the title in numerous newspapers as, "Is Concern for Vietnam Vets Coming Too Late?" "Retiring GIs Losers. Now again, it might be argued, our returning soldiers are losers. Or at least not winners. And this might explain the reluctance of the citizenry to honor them, the business world to welcome them, and the Congress to protect them." (1) That theme has been repeated consistently ever since. There doesn't appear to be any real proof , or definition, other than subjective opinion. The secretary of the army had to defend the troops against the misconception in 1980, where a cause/effect stasis component appeared; "The all-volunteer army is not composed of 'losers' and 'misfits' as some people seem to believe, Army Secretary Clifford Alexander says...He repeatedly rejected what he called a national perception that the army is made up 'of a bunch of losers.' ... 'THE ARMY IS not made up of misfits,' he said. 'They are not people who can't do anything outside. That is not true.' " (4) The value of such a perception is certainly questionable, but cannot be dismissed altogether. In 1999, Michael Dresser, reporting for the Baltimore Sun, noted a comment by the newly appointed secretary of Maryland's veterans affairs department, the disabled vet Tom Bratten; " 'A lot of people who went to Vietnam were losers before Vietnam, were losers during Vietnam and will die losers,' Bratten says." (5) If a veterans affairs honcho made the claim about the worth of the Vietnam vet, certainly it needs to be considered a credible basis for debate. To what degree the perception is now an acceptable policy not just within the administration but the media and public as well, sets the stage for serious debate over the exigence. The stigma of the GI being a loser, sucker, misfit, drug addict and suicidal drunk lives on today. Even with the gradual acceptance of the Vietnam vet back into society, he/she is often compared nowadays as the survivor of the other war, the one of opinion. Cited 1.) Goldberg, Jeffrey, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/09/trump-americans-who-died-at-war-are-losers-and-suckers/615997/ (Links to an external site.) 2.) Grant-Davie, http://professionaldigitaleducation.blogspot.com/2015/01/grant-davie-k-nd-stasis-theory-white.html (Links to an external site.) 3.) Tiede, Tom, The York Dispatch, 21 July 1971, Page 35. 4.) Alexander, Clifford, The Carlisle Sentinel, 13 June 1980, Page 18. 5.) Bratten, Tom, The Baltimore Sun, 19 September 1999, Page 27. Drowning: In paragraph one, the article has some rather unusual aspects that are taken for granted during the process of drowning. The first is "instinct" and the second is "neurological optimism." Neither are given a concise definition or where the boundary between the two exists, the first being innate, the second physiological. The next two paragraphs relate to drowning as a simple reaction to the second function, physiological. It seems that there is a greater emphasis on the ten percent who just plain suffocate than the other ninety whose lungs fill with water. Finally, the victim capitulates to the inevitable without any "last gasp" or will to survive. If instinct is surely the incessus vim, the article fails to mention the very struggle to stay alive at all costs. The audience, all of whom have never drowned, needs to have at least a glimmer of hope that somewhere beyond contraction of the voice box and giving up on breathing, there is a way to come out of it alive. Virus: Notable by comparison is the direct address in the second person, as if the audience is well aware of the process. Unlike the first on drowning, which addresses the "victim," the virus article begins with "their" and develops into "you." The reader, the audience is in control, instead of out of control, as in drowning. "You" are intimately engaged in an experiment with consequences you hope will succeed. The article even suggests when you will succeed; " Ideally it forms plaques, large holes in the culture, each hole representing a locus of virus-caused devastation." Visual confirmation denotes success, unlike the first article where the point of actually having drowned is arbitrary. The two articles differ by two important aspects, by person (and with the first by gender "he") and by outcome, where the victim has no control whatsoever in drowning but the virologist operates in a controlled environment. ********************************************** Indexing the Pandemic.A linguist's nightmare, the barrage of terminology used to crowd-control the deadly outbreak has created a semantics throwback to the days of the Medieval Black Plague.Shelter-in-Place; Early origins of the phrase seem to have come out of mid-19th century England as reported in the Morning Chronicle; "The same thing occurred upon the removal of the houses for the formation of St. Katharine's Docks, and it was understood at the present moment the London Dock Company were about to make arrangements for pulling down 500 houses. by which at least 5,000 persons would be driven on the streets or to find shelter in places which were already disgusting from their squalid wretchedness." (1) Clearly, the phrase had a negative connotation when used in this context as those evicted faced a grim future of finding another place to live, preferably in the slums. No one could expect it might have an other than unfavorable meaning considering its origin on the squalid London docks. Again, a decade later, a similar use of the phrase was reported by the London Standard; "The rapid growth of railways in the metropolis is making fearful inroads upon those localities which are inhabited by the poor and destitute classes, who as a consequence are driven to find shelter in places more filthy and overcrowded than those from which they were ejected; hence it is that smallpox, scarlatina, typhus, &c., propagates so rapidly in infected districts." (2) Culturally transliterated to the modern pandemic-paranoid public, shelter-in-place means go find a place along the waterfront and die a horrible death by disease, mugging and murder. Lockdown; "La Lanterne gives a harrowing account of the scalding to death of a mad woman at the Salpetriere Hospital. She was a seamstress named Georges, 27 years old, and had to calm her nerves, been ordered hot baths. On Thursday she was placed in one having a lock-down lid, with an orifice through which her head and neck passed. When the hot water was on, the servant with the key of the tap went to fetch linen and remained to gossip. The screams of the lunatic, she being reputed violent, went unheeded and she was literally boiled to death before the negligence through which she had perished was discovered." (3)Social Distance; "the system of entails adds field to field till an individual becomes the ruler of an entire county; and this operation is accelerated by the landlord's monopoly, which enriches him while it impoverishes the rest of the community, and thus widens the social distance between them." (4)Red Zone: "Her sylph like figure was enclosed in a pale green caftan; embroidered on the bosom and skirt in silver thread. This garment reached a little below her knees, and over it she wore an outer robe of light gauze, confined around the waist by a red zone of Fez silk." The person described appeared to be a Moorish princess and the observer a "Mr. Hay." (5)Reset Button: Dr. Fauci has now suggested the states hit the "reset button" on the pandemic. The immunologist has apparently not given credit to its earlier use by Lee W. Campbell of the "Camel" Shoe Store; "...as well as having to wait less time themselves, if they will not ask us to change or reset buttons on Saturdays..." (6)Surge-Mitigation; That phrase stems from more contemporary usage in seawall construction to halt the damaging effects of hurricanes. (7)Tsunami; "This is what it took for local and state governments across this country to hit the brakes on their reckless reopening plans: 2.6 million people in the US infected with the coronavirus. 128,064 dead. Thanks to inept leadership, miscommunication, and a deep sense of hubris, the first wave of this pandemic never ended. It just turned into a tsunami." (8)Placing all of the above into context of Ahearn, Chapter 1, one might conclude that the terminology used, whether selectively considered or purely accidental, creates a rather patriarchal condescending sense to it similar to the Nepali bride's status in her culture. A closer reading might even find some of Jakobson's multifunctionality present, and some of Kroskrity's ideology features, even some of Bourdeau's habitus. (9)Cited,(1) London Morning Chronicle, 19 March 1853, Page 2.(2) The London Standard, 12 Jan 1866, Page 7.(3) Cardiff, Wales Western Mail, 01 July 1882, Page 3.(4) Manchester Times, 30 April 1842, Page 2.(5) Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 19 Aug 1844, Page 2.(6) Wellington (KS) Daily Standard, 14 Dec 1887, Page 2.(7) Manitowoc Herald-Times, 07 March 2012, Page 5.(8) Griggs, MB, https://www.theverge.com/21311326/covid-19-coronavirus-wave-tsunami-disaster-virus-deaths-cases-rise-pandemic(9) Ahearn, L, Living Language, Wiley-Blackwell, UK, 2012 ****************************************************** There is an inherent contradiction in the culture over agreement and opinion. On the one hand, the contradiction of "I disapprove of what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it," illustrates how firm one believes in the freedom of speech. But do they readily rise to the occasion to risk their life to defend it. The first is related to the culture and the dynamics of power within it. Those who hold power are part of the "might makes right" slogan, those who don't will capitulate and "live to fight another day." The second part, opinion, as pointed out in the text, is yet another so-called unique perspective that is actually a commonplace and stands a better chance to be converted. There is one troubling aspect to the commonplace, however, that coercion will ultimately bring about the change of that opinion. Externally, force is effective but not necessarily convincing. The one using it may be easily fooled by the subject into thinking the opinion has been changed, instead of suppressed, where live to fight another day is the strategy when faced with might makes right. The result is for those who will defend to the death to allow someone to speak their mind freely, when put to the test, they capitulate in the face of threat, terror and death. https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/oregon-company-get-approval-to-build-nuclear-power-plants/283-7b26b8cd-12d5-4116-928a-065731f7a0f6 Hello Dr. Chaput, There is a google doc for "esauvagement" (dated 08 Sept.) that may be the second collaboration referenced in your email;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LVY-q9fzg5ryXYpd4C2JTEwKbZZQnra63Ti8TDNxGPA/edit I am not sure if this is the one that Allie said she worked on alone. I wasn't under the impression that everyone in the group submits the assignment independently. I have reviewed the pentad and see the entries that I made that include the "deflect" part on the second page with the entries for Gilets Jaunes, Charlie Hebdo etc. as I am quite familiar with the issues. If the esauvagement collaboration isn't the assignment, then it may be true she has submitted one that I, at least, was unaware of. Daniel was on the first collaboration in name (on the screen) only at the meeting, but he dropped off when Allie asked him for input. That's when she decided not to include him for credit. As for another collaboration, I have only esauvagement in my shared google docs folder. If Allie has the google doc link, maybe she can send it over so I can see which one it is. Thank You James. Hello Mr. Gannon, I am an undergraduate student at the University of Nevada, Reno in the English-Journalism field. In class today, the subject matter was a recent article in the New York Times regarding an incident in Brooklyn concerning a bus driver who was assaulted while at work. A passenger complained to the driver that another passenger was not wearing a mask. When requested to wear the mask, the driver was attacked. The questions surrounding this, and many other incidents similar, are: Is it the driver's responsibility to enforce the mandate? Is there a policy at TWU 100 that specifically addresses this mandate? If there is no procedure in place, what are the options for the driver? Any other information related to this particular inquiry would be greatly appreciated. Thank you and best regards, James L'AngelleUniversity of Nevada, RenoFall-Winter, 2020(775) 233-7287 Like: how does a writer potentially use this particular kind of social media publishing/advertising to raise his/her profile and improve subscriptions/sales? Or: What would be some cost-effective ways for a writer to use this approach to increase the reach of given modes of publication? Imagine a relatively more specific audience/publisher who will be looking for more of a presentation of research, persuasively presented, that supports taking a particular course of action. ************************************* kairos---a time sensitive issue rhetorical situation-- syllogism-- if, and, then... man is a hominid an ape is a hominid both man and ape had a common ancestor man descended from the apes apes descended from man neither is true, both are true, only one is true enthymeme--truncated syllogism invention--division of rhetoric that... rhetoric-- art of persuasion, convincing the opponent. proposition--any arguable statement proof--intrinsic, extrinsic, statement used to pursuade intrinsic proofs--discovered by rhetor extrinsic proofs--inherent, given ethos-- by character pathos--by emotion logos--by reason ideology--network of interpretation commonplace--statement that is-- issue--contested commonplace exigence--urgency constituents of the rhetorical situation hypophora--more homework, right? decorum--pandering to audience concession--yes, and... rhetorical virtue-- being able to connect with the audience on a sincere level, stating the judicial argument clearly as given by the facts, making the epideictic known who is responsible and in the future, the deliberative mode, offer solutions that will be meaningful and all to agree upon. disinterest--lack of bias issue categories (from Heinrichs)-- three divisions of rhetoric-- judicial, fact (past), epideictic, blame (present), deliberative, (future) qualities of effective ethos (from Heinrichs)--virtue, practical wisdom, disinterest, the stasis 4: fact, definition, value, policy-- and take into account the "upward," "downward" movement of the argument fact: soldiers are "suckers" and "losers." Can kairos be used to bring the issue into focus? this is a judicial position based on evidence in the past. definition/cause: media reports from anonymous sources that the president was quoted as saying the "fact" Will discussion of the "fact" change the opinion? value: it's a free country, the president is protected by the bill of rights just like everybody else. Where is the ethical responsibility of national leadership to condemn, not use, that type of language and responsibility of the media to quote sources. policy: (do not believe) challenge anonymous news reports. theories of rhetorical situations (Bitzer, Vatz, and Grant-Davie)--the hospital ER judicial (past) - Darwin: man evolved from the apes epideictic (present)-- the genes between the two offer little evidence deliberative (future)--we may discover that the ape descended from man. exigence, rhetor, audience, constraints-- **************************************** Fact, definition, value, policy.If we consider the disagreement as to the virtue of Christopher Columbus as a fact; one side will argue he discovered the New World, the other will insist he introduced genocide into that New World. Definition by either side is based on historical records which in fact, have no solid footing whatever as new evidence overturns the old. The value of the evidence does not reflect a genuine effort to close ranks in agreement because it will ultimately be turned into an ethical argument. The policy thus becomes rooted not in historical evidence but opinion, interpretation of the facts. Translated, using the tool of "upward-downward" movement, we can hopefully resolve an issue without bias and prejudice entering into the discussion, or jading the available evidence. In the case of Columbus, historical denial of either fact rests on further exploration of the materials at hand and not on the effects of policy on the facts. In a breakout room, we discussed this topic at length and drew the conclusion that there is a fine line between audience agreement and pandering. It's one thing to throw yourself at the mercy of the court in order to hope for a lesser sentence, it's another thing entirely to tell the audience what it wants to hear. Politicians are experts at this form of decorum and it surfaced during the debates to nominate the Democratic candidate for the presidential election. White politicians went out of their way to appeal to the Hispanic population, also known now as "Latinx" and were accused of Hispanic pandering abbreviated by the media as "Hispandering."Another form of decorum appears to be having "rhetorical virtue" or appealing to the audience no matter if the content of the rhetoric is indeed "virtuous." Something is definitely wrong with society if that's the case as it has given rise to countless dictators and demagogues throughout the ages, and continues to do so. The term describes the immediacy of bringing forth an issue into the public forum. Unfortunately, many times it is "after the fact" when a tragic event occurs, such as an act of terrorism in the form of a home grown mass attack. Recent examples cannot compare to the after effect of the Waco siege in the early 90s followed by the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. Personally, I do not agree at all that we need to wait for one of these tragic events to deflect from our own personal failure in addressing the issues that are critical to our society before the fact. It is all to convenient to whitewash that failure by hiding behind protests and legislation that never happens and allow the tragedy to be repeated. Roberts-Miller's metaphor moves from the subtle, which is an almost unconscious effort to achieve a goal, through a more practical method in the form of a recipe, to the strict and particular language where rhetoric is defined in no uncertain terms by a set of rules of engagement. The first is almost always used in everyday conversation and can range from lecture style speaker-audience response to rapping with friends in street vernacular. The next takes on a more rigid format where at least some of the rules of correct grammar are necessary for dialogue. The third is the scholarly approach and offers far less room for less than professional communication. judicial (fact)--the "past" --a courtroom type case where evidence is required to decide guilt-innocence.epideictic (present)--the "present"--a current topic that needs resolution due to its immediacy, such as the issue over the pandemic mask mandatedeliberative (the future)--"the future"-- is it feasible and a matter of budgetary concern to establish a manned colony on the moon? ******************************** 30 INT. VISITOR CENTER PRESENTATION ROOM - DAY HAMMOND, GRANT, ELLIE, MALCOLM, and GANNARO eat lunch at a long table in the visitor's center restaurant. There is a large buffet table and two WAITERS to serve them. The room is darkened and Hammond is showing slides of various scenes all around them. Hammond's own recorded voice describes current and future features of the park while the slides flash artists' renderings of all them. The real Hammond turns and speaks over the narration. HAMMOND None of these attractions have been finished yet. The park will open with the basic tour you're about to take, and then other rides will come on line after six or twelve months. Absolutely spectacular designs. Spared no expense. More slides CLICK past, a series of graphs dealing with profits, attendance and other fiscal projections. Donald Gennaro, who has become increasingly friendly with Hammond, even giddy, grins from ear to ear. GENNARO And we can charge anything we want! Two thousand a day, ten thousand a day - - people will pay it! And then there's the merchandising - - HAMMOND Donald, this park was not built to carter only to the super rich. Everyone in the world's got a right to enjoy these animals. GENNARO Sure, they will, they will. (laughing) We'll have a - - coupon day or something. Grant looks down, at the plate he's eating from. It's in the shape of the island itself. He looks at his drinking cup. It's got a T-rex on it, and a splashy Jurassic Park logo. There are a stack of folded amusement park-style maps on the table in front of Grant. He picks one up. Boldly, across the top it says, "Fly United to Jurassic Park!" HAMMOND (on tape) - - from combined revenue streams for all three parks should reach eight to nine billion dollars a year - - HAMMOND (to Gennaro) That's conservative, of course. There's no reason to speculate wildly. GENNARO I've never been a rich man. I hear it's nice. Is it nice? Ian Malcolm, who was been watching the screens with outright contempt, SNORTS, as if he's finally had enough. MALCOLM The lack of humility before nature that's been displayed here staggers me. They all turn and look at him. GENNARO Thank you, Dr. Malcolm, but I think things are a little different than you and I feared. MALCOLM Yes, I know. They're a lot worse. GENNARO Now, wait a second, we haven't even see the park yet. Let's just hold out concerns until - - (or alt. version) Wait - we were invited to this island to evaluate the safety conditions of the park, physical containment. The theories that all simple systems have complex behavior, that animals in a zoo environment will eventually begin to behave in an unpredictable fashion have nothing to do with that evaluation. This is not some existential furlough, this is an on-site inspection. You are a doctor. Do your job. You are invalidating your own assessment. I'm sorry, John - - HAMMOND Alright Donald, alright, but just let him talk. I want to hear all viewpoints. I truly do. (or) I truly am. MALCOLM Don't you see the danger, John, inherent in what you're doing here? Genetic power is the most awesome force ever seen on this planet. But you wield it like a kid who's found his dad's gun. MALCOLM GENNARO If I may.... It is hardly appropriate to start hurling Excuse me, excuse me - - generalizations before - - I'll tell you. MALCOLM (cont'd) The problem with scientific power you've used is it didn't require any discipline to attain it. You read what others had done and you took the next step. You didn't earn the knowledge yourselves, so you don't take the responsibility for it. You stood on the shoulders of geniuses to accomplish something as fast as you could, and before you knew what you had, you patented it, packages it, slapped in on a plastic lunch box, and now you want to sell it. HAMMOND You don't give us our due credit. Our scientists have done things no one could ever do before. MALCOLM Your scientists were so preoccupied with whether or not they could that they didn't stop to think if they should. Science can create pesticides, but it can't tell us not to use them. Science can make a nuclear reactor, but it can't tell us not to build it! HAMMOND But this is nature! Why not give an extinct species a second chance?! I mean, Condors. Condors are on the verge of extinction - - if I'd created a flock of them on the island, you wouldn't be saying any of this! (or) have anything to say at all! MALCOLM Hold on - - this is no species that was obliterated by deforestation or the building of a dam. Dinosaurs had their shot. Nature selected them for extinction. HAMMOND I don't understand this Luddite attitude, especially from a scientist. How could we stand in the light of discovery and not act? MALCOLM There's nothing that great about discovery. (or) What's so great about discovery? It's a violent, penetrative act that scars what it explores. What you call discovery I call the rape of the natural world! GENNARO Please - - let's hear something from the others. Dr. Grant? I am sorry - - Dr. Sattler? ELLIE The question is - - how much can you know about an extinct ecosystem, and therefore, how could you assume you can control it? You have plants right here in this building, for example, that are poisonous. You picked them because they look pretty, but these are aggressive living things that have no idea what century they're living in and will defend themselves. Violently, if necessary. Exasperated, Hammond turns to Grant, who looks shell-shocked. HAMMOND Dr. Grant, if there's one person who can appreciate all of this - - (or) What am I trying to do? But Grant speaks quietly, really thrown by all of this. GRANT I feel - - elated and - - frightened and - - (starts over) The world has just changed so radically. We're all running to catch up. I don't want to jump to any conclusions, but look - - He leans forward, a look of true concern on his face. GRANT (cont'd) Dinosaurs and man - - two species separated by 65 million years of evolution - - have just been suddenly thrown back into the mix together. How can we have the faintest idea of what to expect? HAMMOND I don't believe it. I expected you to come down here and defend me from these characters and the only one I've got on my side it the bloodsucking lawyer!? GENNARO Thank you. One of the WAITERS whispers to Hammond. HAMMOND Ah - - they're here. GRANT Who? ******************************************** Ch. 12:“ 'Meltdown' is a commonplace word, heavily laden with emotion; he swaps it for jargonistic terms that don’t show up in any commonplace. They have almost no emotional effect."More for the sake of the word representing an enthymeme, whereas the audience would apply it to whatever particular context it is used. It is uncertain that it has a heavily emotional framework depending on where it is used. To customers in a grocery store line watching a stubborn lout who doesn't want to wear a mask go into a seizure, it is emotional. To a steel worker in a factory, it's just a technical term. Considering the immediacy of the crisis, many would not react to "unrequested fission surplus" placing their lives at risk unless they were told it was a meltdown. Ch 13:"My own logical education before college consisted entirely of Mr. Spock, who led me to believe that anything tainted by emotion or values was 'illogical' and that my status as an Earthling got me off the hook."Fascinating. "Live long and prosper," and also in other forms of the Vulcan advice is entirely enthymematic of the Vulcan creed. In many ways, it expressed a great deal of not just logic, but also emotion, since who would not want to do both? Is that based on logic or just plain common sense and a natural instinct for being human. As for the enthymeme itself and a process to persuade the audience using less than straightforward methods; "Insufficient facts always invite danger, Captain." ********************************************* ENG301.1002 James L'Angelle University of Nevada, Reno Dr. K. MIller 10 Oct 2020 Informal Analysis: VP Debate Due to the sensitive nature of this assignment, I have chosen not to submit an analysis. The candidates are powerful politicians in the middle of an election that will decide the course of action for the United States in the next four years. I am concerned that any comments I make as to their public appearances might be taken out of context, as has constantly been the case in the public arena. I will, however, if taken into consideration, complete the assignment after the election. *************************************************